{"id":1566,"date":"2019-10-24T14:14:46","date_gmt":"2019-10-24T21:14:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/serr.disabilityrightsca.org\/?page_id=1566"},"modified":"2026-08-13T15:01:20","modified_gmt":"2026-08-13T22:01:20","slug":"1-1-toi-nghe-nhieu-ve-luat-lien-bang-va-tieu-bang-cung-nhu-cac-quy-dinh-cua-lien-bang-va-tieu-bang-su-khac-biet-giua-chung-la-gi","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/serr.disabilityrightsca.org\/vi\/serr-manual\/chuong-1-thong-tin-ve-cac-quyen-co-ba%cc%89n\/1-1-toi-nghe-nhieu-ve-luat-lien-bang-va-tieu-bang-cung-nhu-cac-quy-dinh-cua-lien-bang-va-tieu-bang-su-khac-biet-giua-chung-la-gi\/","title":{"rendered":"(1.1) T\u00f4i nghe nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt li\u00ean bang v\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u bang, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a li\u00ean bang v\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u bang. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang l\u00e0 g\u00ec?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf California b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p ti\u1ec3u bang v\u00e0 li\u00ean bang. Theo c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y, h\u1ecdc khu ph\u1ea3i cung c\u1ea5p cho m\u1ed7i h\u1ecdc sinh khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p (free, appropriate public education, FAPE). FAPE c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng chi ph\u00ed c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, bao g\u1ed3m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1eabu gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng trung h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Tr\u00ecnh Gi\u00e1o D\u1ee5c C\u00e1 Nh\u00e2n (Individualized Education Program, IEP).<sup><a href=\"#footnote_1_1566\" id=\"identifier_1_1566\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Ti&ecirc;u \u0110\u1ec1 20 B\u1ed9 Lu\u1eadt Hoa K\u1ef3 (U.S.C.) M\u1ee5c (Sec.) 1401(9); Ti&ecirc;u \u0110\u1ec1 34, B\u1ed9\u0323 Lu\u1eadt C&aacute;c Quy \u0110\u1ecbnh Li&ecirc;n Bang (C.F.R.) Sec. 300.17.\">1<\/a><\/sup> Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00edt h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nh\u1ea5t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u1edf ph\u1ea1m vi t\u1ed1i \u0111a ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc sinh khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. [34 C.F.R. Sec. 300.114.] Ngo\u00e0i ra, FAPE y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc sinh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ph\u1ea3i tham gia v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<sup><a href=\"#footnote_2_1566\" id=\"identifier_2_1566\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"20 U.S.C. Sec. 1414(d)(1)(A); 34 C.F.R. Sec. 300.320(a)(1).\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u0103m 1975, Qu\u1ed1c H\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 94 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua \u0110\u1ea1o Lu\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o D\u1ee5c cho T\u1ea5t C\u1ea3 Tr\u1ebb Em Khuy\u1ebft T\u1eadt (Education for All Handicapped Children Act) (Lu\u1eadt C\u00f4ng 94-142), ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o Lu\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o D\u1ee5c Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Khuy\u1ebft T\u1eadt (Disabilities Education Act, IDEA). [20 U.S.C. Secs. 1400 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfp theo] California c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua lu\u1eadt ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng song h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi IDEA v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i ti\u1ec3u bang n\u00e0y.<sup><a href=\"#footnote_3_1566\" id=\"identifier_3_1566\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"B\u1ed9 Lu\u1eadt Gi&aacute;o D\u1ee5c California (Cal. Ed. Code) Secs. 56000 v&agrave; c&aacute;c m\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfp theo.\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lu\u1eadt li\u00ean bang v\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u bang c\u00f3 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 li\u00ean quan. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00f4i khi lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecf s\u00f3t m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3. Khi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra, c\u1ea3 S\u1edf Gi\u00e1o D\u1ee5c li\u00ean bang v\u00e0 S\u1edf Gi\u00e1o D\u1ee5c Ti\u1ec3u Bang California (California State Department of Education, CDE) \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh theo th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a IDEA ho\u1eb7c lu\u1eadt ti\u1ec3u bang. C\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a li\u00ean bang n\u1eb1m trong Ti\u00eau \u0110\u1ec1 34 c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 Lu\u1eadt C\u00e1c Quy \u0110\u1ecbnh Li\u00ean Bang, Ph\u1ea7n 300 (34 C.F.R. Sec. 300) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u1ec3u bang n\u1eb1m trong Ti\u00eau \u0110\u1ec1 5, B\u1ed9 Lu\u1eadt C\u00e1c Quy \u0110\u1ecbnh California, M\u1ee5c 3000 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfp theo (5 C.C.R. Secs. 3000 and following.) Lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a li\u00ean bang t\u1ea1o ra khung r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn trong \u0111\u00f3 California ph\u1ea3i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ean nh\u1eadn qu\u1ef9 li\u00ean bang theo IDEA. V\u00ec California \u0111\u00e3 ban h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ri\u00eang, m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u00e2n theo trong vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i ti\u1ec3u bang. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u00ec \u0110i\u1ec1u Kho\u1ea3n T\u1ed1i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3, lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u00ean bang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u00e2n theo b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 khi n\u00e0o c\u00f3 xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p ti\u1ec3u bang v\u00e0 li\u00ean bang, tr\u1eeb khi lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p ti\u1ec3u bang c\u1ea5p th\u00eam quy\u1ec1n cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.<sup><a href=\"#footnote_4_1566\" id=\"identifier_4_1566\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Students of the California School for the Blind v. Honig (9th Cir. 1984) 736 F.2d 538.\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ol class=\"footnotes\"><li id=\"footnote_1_1566\" class=\"footnote\">Ti\u00eau \u0110\u1ec1 20 B\u1ed9 Lu\u1eadt Hoa K\u1ef3 (U.S.C.) M\u1ee5c (Sec.) 1401(9); Ti\u00eau \u0110\u1ec1 34, B\u1ed9\u0323 Lu\u1eadt C\u00e1c Quy \u0110\u1ecbnh Li\u00ean Bang (C.F.R.) Sec. 300.17.<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\">[<a href=\"#identifier_1_1566\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">\u21a9<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_2_1566\" class=\"footnote\">20 U.S.C. Sec. 1414(d)(1)(A); 34 C.F.R. Sec. 300.320(a)(1).<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\">[<a href=\"#identifier_2_1566\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">\u21a9<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_3_1566\" class=\"footnote\">B\u1ed9 Lu\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o D\u1ee5c California (Cal. Ed. Code) Secs. 56000 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfp theo.<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\">[<a href=\"#identifier_3_1566\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">\u21a9<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_4_1566\" class=\"footnote\"><em>Students of the California School for the Blind v. Honig<\/em> (9th Cir. 1984) 736 F.2d 538.<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\">[<a href=\"#identifier_4_1566\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">\u21a9<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf California b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p ti\u1ec3u bang v\u00e0 li\u00ean bang. Theo&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":321,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_customify_content_layout":"","_customify_sidebar":"","_customify_page_header_display":"default","_customify_disable_header":"","_customify_disable_header_top":"","_customify_disable_header_main":"","_customify_disable_header_bottom":"","_customify_disable_page_title":"","_customify_disable_content_vertical_padding":"","_customify_disable_footer_top":"","_customify_disable_footer_main":"","_customify_disable_footer_bottom":"","_customify_breadcrumb_display":"default","_customify_header_transparent_display":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1566","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/serr.disabilityrightsca.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1566","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/serr.disabilityrightsca.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/serr.disabilityrightsca.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/serr.disabilityrightsca.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/serr.disabilityrightsca.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1566"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/serr.disabilityrightsca.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1566\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4456,"href":"https:\/\/serr.disabilityrightsca.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1566\/revisions\/4456"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/serr.disabilityrightsca.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/321"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/serr.disabilityrightsca.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1566"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}