{"id":2931,"date":"2019-12-31T09:32:03","date_gmt":"2019-12-31T17:32:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/serr.disabilityrightsca.org\/?page_id=2931"},"modified":"2021-02-08T11:59:19","modified_gmt":"2021-02-08T19:59:19","slug":"14-2-dao-luat-nguoi-my-khuyet-tat-americans-with-disabilities-act-ada-va-da%cc%a3o-lua%cc%a3t-phu%cc%a3c-hoi-chuc-nang-muc-504-cung-co-bao-ve-con-toi-neu-tre-co-tinh-trang-tam-thoi-theo","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/serr.disabilityrightsca.org\/vi\/serr-manual\/chuong-14-thong-tin-ve-quyen-cua-hoc-sinh-co-tinh-trang-suc-khoe-nghiem-trong\/14-2-dao-luat-nguoi-my-khuyet-tat-americans-with-disabilities-act-ada-va-da%cc%a3o-lua%cc%a3t-phu%cc%a3c-hoi-chuc-nang-muc-504-cung-co-bao-ve-con-toi-neu-tre-co-tinh-trang-tam-thoi-theo\/","title":{"rendered":"(14.2) \u0110\u1ea1o Lu\u1eadt Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 Khuy\u1ebft T\u1eadt (Americans with Disabilities Act, ADA) v\u00e0 \u0110a\u0323o Lu\u00e2\u0323t Phu\u0323c H\u00f4\u0300i Ch\u1ee9c N\u0103ng (M\u1ee5c 504) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 con t\u00f4i n\u1ebfu tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi, theo giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ho\u1eb7c \u0111ang thuy\u00ean gi\u1ea3m kh\u00f4ng?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>C\u00f3. N\u1ebfu b\u1ec7nh ho\u1eb7c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf tr\u1ebb \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, tr\u1ebb s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 theo ADA. S\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. [28 C.F.R. Sec. 35.108(d)(1)(ix).] T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh theo giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ho\u1eb7c \u0111ang thuy\u00ean gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ADA coi l\u00e0 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt n\u1ebfu b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh khi ph\u00e1t t\u00e1c. [28 C.F.R. Sec. 35.108(d)(1)(iv).]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0o trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y theo M\u1ee5c 504. C\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ADA, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o M\u1ee5c 504. [29 U.S.C. Sec. 794(d).] Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, tr\u1ebb \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. [29 C.F.R. Sec. 104.4.] Tr\u1ebb c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n nh\u1eadn:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>S\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 tr\u1ebb em kh\u00f4ng khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt; ho\u1eb7c<\/li><li>Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p (free and appropriate public education, FAPE). Xem B\u1ea3o V\u1ec7 H\u1ecdc Sinh Khuy\u1ebft T\u1eadt, 67 IDELR 189, (OCR 2015).<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u1ec7u b\u1ec7nh ho\u1eb7c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i hay kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u1eebng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, c\u00f3 x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian, ho\u1eb7c kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 suy y\u1ebfu; v\u00e0<\/li><li>M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh. Xem B\u1ea3o V\u1ec7 H\u1ecdc Sinh Khuy\u1ebft T\u1eadt, 67 IDELR 189 (OCR 2015).<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy t\u1eafc n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &#8220;kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian k\u00e9o d\u00e0i&#8221;. Tuy nhi\u00ean, OCR \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c H\u1ecdc Khu kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, OCR \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng H\u1ecdc Khu California \u0111\u00e1ng ra n\u00ean \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh M\u1ee5c 504 khi tr\u1ebb ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng xe l\u0103n trong b\u1ed1n th\u00e1ng do b\u1ecb g\u00e3y ch\u00e2n nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. [Anaheim City (CA) Sch Dist., 115 LRP 19319 (OCR 12\/02\/14).]&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Trong th\u01b0 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, OCR \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch sau \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng g\u00e3y chi, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cC\u1ea3 M\u1ee5c 504 v\u00e0 ADA \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt &#8220;su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi&#8221; m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m. C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c chi b\u1ecb g\u00e3y c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 suy y\u1ebfu l\u00e0m h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh hay kh\u00f4ng. T\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 suy y\u1ebfu li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y. B\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n trong m\u1ed7i t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc sinh thu\u1eadn tay ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb g\u00e3y tay tr\u00e1i v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed g\u00e3y d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn s\u1ebd l\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9ng. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00ec s\u1ef1 suy y\u1ebfu s\u1ebd l\u00e0nh trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn v\u00e0, ngay c\u1ea3 trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m b\u00e0i t\u1eadp vi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc sinh b\u1ecb g\u00e3y c\u1ea3 hai ch\u00e2n, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i b\u1ecb tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n do bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u1eddi gian khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt s\u1ebd k\u00e9o d\u00e0i trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ng. Trong v\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u00e0y, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m v\u00ec s\u1ef1 suy y\u1ebfu ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111i l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh s\u1ebd b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy t\u1eafc c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 suy y\u1ebfu t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt theo M\u1ee5c 504 v\u00e0 ADA. Do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng s\u1ebd lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. Nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u1eebng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p. N\u1ebfu sau khi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, h\u1ecdc khu k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 n\u00e0o l\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed1n th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap m\u00e0 tr\u1ebb c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p\u201d. [Letter to Rahall, 21 IDELR 575, (OCR 1994).]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>C\u00f3. N\u1ebfu b\u1ec7nh ho\u1eb7c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf tr\u1ebb \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, tr\u1ebb s\u1ebd&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":360,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2931","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/serr.disabilityrightsca.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2931","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/serr.disabilityrightsca.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/serr.disabilityrightsca.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/serr.disabilityrightsca.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/serr.disabilityrightsca.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2931"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/serr.disabilityrightsca.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2931\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4250,"href":"https:\/\/serr.disabilityrightsca.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2931\/revisions\/4250"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/serr.disabilityrightsca.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/360"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/serr.disabilityrightsca.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2931"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}